Nalbuphine

A summary of the most common chemical descriptors (InChI Key and SMILES codes) for Nalbuphine are summarized together with 3D and 2D structures and relevant physico-chemical properties.

What is the Nalbuphine?

The molecule Nalbuphine presents a molecular formula of C₂₁H₂₇NO₄ and its IUPAC name is (4R,4aS,7S,7aR,12bS)-3-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,2,4,5,6,7,7a,13-octahydro-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-4a,7,9-triol.

Nalbuphine is a medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist, meaning it has both pain-relieving and pain-blocking properties. Nalbuphine is structurally similar to other opioids such as morphine, codeine, and hydrocodone. However, it is unique in that it binds to both mu and kappa opioid receptors. This gives it a more balanced effect on the body than other opioids, which tend to bind primarily to mu receptors. Nalbuphine exists in tablet, injectable, and sublingual forms. It is typically taken every four to six hours as needed for pain relief..

Nalbuphine was first synthesized in the 1960s. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984. Nalbuphine is a schedule II controlled substance, meaning it has a high potential for abuse and addiction. However, it is considered to have a lower abuse potential than other opioids. Nalbuphine is sometimes used in the treatment of opioid addiction. It can help to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Nalbuphine is also used as an analgesic during childbirth..

Nalbuphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain. This action blocks pain signals from being sent to the brain. Nalbuphine also reduces the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which can help to decrease blood pressure and heart rate. Nalbuphine has a rapid onset of action and a short duration of action. The effects of nalbuphine typically last for four to six hours..

Common side effects of nalbuphine include dizziness, lightheadedness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Nalbuphine can also cause respiratory depression. This is a serious side effect that can lead to shallow breathing, slow heart rate, and even death. Nalbuphine should be used with caution in people with kidney or liver disease, as well as in people who are taking other medications that can cause respiratory depression. Nalbuphine should not be used in pregnant women unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks. Nalbuphine is excreted in breast milk and can cause drowsiness and respiratory depression in infants..

Nalbuphine is a powerful pain reliever with a low potential for abuse and addiction. It is an important medication for the treatment of moderate to severe pain..

3D structure

Cartesian coordinates

Geometry of Nalbuphine in x, y and z coordinates (Å units) to copy/paste elsewhere. Generated with Open Babel software.

2D drawing

Molecule descriptors

Other names (synonyms)

IUPAC nomenclature provides a standardized method for naming chemical compounds. Although this system is widely used in chemistry, many chemical compounds have also other names commonly used in different contexts. These synonyms can come from a variety of sources and are used for a variety of purposes.

One common source of synonyms for chemical compounds is the common or trivial names, assigned on the basis of appearance, properties, or origin of the molecule.

Another source of synonyms are historical or obsolete names employed in the past, however replaced nowadays by more modern or standardized names.

In addition to common and historical names, chemical compounds may also have synonyms that are specific to a particular field or industry.

Reference codes for other databases

• CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number) is a unique identifier is assigned to every chemical compound indexed in the CAS database.
• Beilstein: The Beilstein database is a comprehensive source of information on organic chemistry, including information on chemical structures, properties, and reactions. The Beilstein database assigns unique identifiers which can be used to identify compounds in scientific literature and other sources.
• ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest): ChEBI is a database of small chemical molecules that are of interest in the field of biology.
• PubChem CID (Compound Identifier): PubChem is a database of chemical compounds that is maintained by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
• RTECS number (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances): The RTECS is a database of information on the toxic effects of chemicals, including information on their structures and properties.
• ChEMBL (Compound Bioactivity Data): ChEMBL is a database of bioactivity data for small molecules, including information on their properties and structures.
• CompTox Dashboard (Environmental Protection Agency): The CompTox Dashboard is a database of information on the toxicology and environmental effects of chemicals.

Physico-Chemical properties

LogP and topological polar surface area (TPSA) values were estimated using Open Babel software.

The n-octanol/water partition coeficient (K_ow) data is applied in toxicology and drug research. K_ow values are used, to guess the environmental fate of persistent organic pollutants. High partition coefficients values, tend to accumulate in the fatty tissue of organisms. Molecules with a log(K_ow) (or LogP) greater than 5 are considered to bioaccumulate.

TPSA values are the sum of the surface area over all polar atoms or molecules, mainly oxygen and nitrogen, also including hydrogen atoms.

In medicinal chemistry, TPSA is used to assess the ability of a drug to permeabilise cells.

For molecules to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (and act on receptors in the central nervous system), TPSA values below 90 Ų are required. Thus, molecules with a polar surface area greater than 140 Ų tend to be poorly permeable to cell membranes.