Cladribine

A summary of the most common chemical descriptors (InChI Key and SMILES codes) for Cladribine are summarized together with 3D and 2D structures and relevant physico-chemical properties.

What is the Cladribine?

The molecule Cladribine presents a molecular formula of C₁₀H₁₂ClN₅O₃ and its IUPAC name is (2R,3S,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol.

Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, 2-CdA) is an antineoplastic nucleoside analog used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. It is a deoxyadenosine nucleoside that is structurally similar to 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA). Cladribine is an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and is thought to exert its cytotoxic effect by incorporation into DNA, resulting in DNA strand breakage..

Cladribine was first synthesized in 1972 by Walter Gilbert and Alan Cowie while working on the structure of adenosine. It was later found to have antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Cladribine was approved for use in the United States in 1998 and is currently indicated for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)..

The mechanism of action of cladribine is not fully understood. However, it is thought to exert its cytotoxic effect by incorporation into DNA, resulting in DNA strand breakage. Cladribine is also an inhibitor of DNA synthesis..

In vitro, cladribine has been shown to be cytotoxic to a variety of tumor cell lines, including leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer cell lines. In vivo, cladribine has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a variety of hematologic malignancies, including HCL, CLL, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma..

Cladribine is generally well-tolerated. The most common side effects include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal toxicity, and rash. Cladribine can also cause myelosuppression, which can be severe..

Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is structurally similar to 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA). It is an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and is thought to exert its cytotoxic effect by incorporation into DNA, resulting in DNA strand breakage. Cladribine was first synthesized in 1972 and was later found to have antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Cladribine is currently indicated for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The mechanism of action of cladribine is not fully understood. However, it is thought to exert its cytotoxic effect by incorporation into DNA, resulting in DNA strand breakage. Cladribine is also an inhibitor of DNA synthesis..

3D structure

Cartesian coordinates

Geometry of Cladribine in x, y and z coordinates (Å units) to copy/paste elsewhere. Generated with Open Babel software.

2D drawing

Molecule descriptors

Other names (synonyms)

IUPAC nomenclature provides a standardized method for naming chemical compounds. Although this system is widely used in chemistry, many chemical compounds have also other names commonly used in different contexts. These synonyms can come from a variety of sources and are used for a variety of purposes.

One common source of synonyms for chemical compounds is the common or trivial names, assigned on the basis of appearance, properties, or origin of the molecule.

Another source of synonyms are historical or obsolete names employed in the past, however replaced nowadays by more modern or standardized names.

In addition to common and historical names, chemical compounds may also have synonyms that are specific to a particular field or industry.

Reference codes for other databases

• CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number) is a unique identifier is assigned to every chemical compound indexed in the CAS database.
• Beilstein: The Beilstein database is a comprehensive source of information on organic chemistry, including information on chemical structures, properties, and reactions. The Beilstein database assigns unique identifiers which can be used to identify compounds in scientific literature and other sources.
• ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest): ChEBI is a database of small chemical molecules that are of interest in the field of biology.
• PubChem CID (Compound Identifier): PubChem is a database of chemical compounds that is maintained by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
• RTECS number (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances): The RTECS is a database of information on the toxic effects of chemicals, including information on their structures and properties.
• ChEMBL (Compound Bioactivity Data): ChEMBL is a database of bioactivity data for small molecules, including information on their properties and structures.
• CompTox Dashboard (Environmental Protection Agency): The CompTox Dashboard is a database of information on the toxicology and environmental effects of chemicals.

Physico-Chemical properties

LogP and topological polar surface area (TPSA) values were estimated using Open Babel software.

The n-octanol/water partition coeficient (K_ow) data is applied in toxicology and drug research. K_ow values are used, to guess the environmental fate of persistent organic pollutants. High partition coefficients values, tend to accumulate in the fatty tissue of organisms. Molecules with a log(K_ow) (or LogP) greater than 5 are considered to bioaccumulate.

TPSA values are the sum of the surface area over all polar atoms or molecules, mainly oxygen and nitrogen, also including hydrogen atoms.

In medicinal chemistry, TPSA is used to assess the ability of a drug to permeabilise cells.

For molecules to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (and act on receptors in the central nervous system), TPSA values below 90 Ų are required. Thus, molecules with a polar surface area greater than 140 Ų tend to be poorly permeable to cell membranes.